英语合同注意关键词

Contract(合同)和Agreement(和谈)是不是是可以互换呢?
  合同的成立必需具有几个首要身分。它们(要约和承诺构成的)和谈、约因、成立法令关系的愿看和缔约能力四大年夜部门构成。
  L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves”
  1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和尽对接管)
  2. consensus ad idem (意思暗示一致,也叫meeting of minds)
  3. intention to create legal relations (成立合同关系的意愿)
  4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
  5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)
  6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)
  7. possibility of performance (实行的可能性)
  8. certainty of terms(条目的肯定性)
  9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)
  Black “Law Dictionary” 中诠释道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“和谈”和“合同”常经常使用作同义词,但“和谈”这一术语含义更广,例如和谈可能贫乏合同的必备条目(essential clauses/provisions)。
  实际应用傍边,和谈可不受必备条目的限制,而称为合同的体裁必定少不了必备条目,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条目(General provisions)。
  1999中国《合同法》第十二条划定了八项一般条目,别离是:
  1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址)
  2. contract object(标的)
  3. quantity(数量)
  4. quality(质量)
  5. price or remuneration(价款或酬报)
  6. time limit, place and method of performance (实行刻日、地址和编制)
  7. liability for breach of contract(背约责任)
  8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的编制)
  上述诠释申明,contract(合同)和agreement(和谈)的概念当然接近,但应用范围不合,不克不及互换应用。合同是和谈的首要构成部门,所有合同必定是和谈,而和谈不见得都是合同。可以说具有合同成立要求的具有强迫履行力的和谈才是合同。
  布局特点
  合同类法令文件用以划定当事人的权力与义务,是预防与解决争议的根据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,汗青悠长,深含法令文化底蕴。
 

中文的合同开首一般先列举当事人的名称、姓名、居处或营业场合,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合统一般以下面这类句式为开首:
  This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")
  然后是开端陈述:
  WHEREAS...THEREFORE
  … It is hereby agreed as follows:
  或以:
  WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…
  NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
  接着是正文,最后是证明部门,:
  IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
  随后还包含当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最教唆离间是找不到的。
  下面列出新加坡、美国、喷鼻港和日本的合同格局。
  A. 新加坡
  Agreement
  THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part.
  WHEREAS:
  1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
  2.
  ….
  NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
  1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company’s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September


分页标题#e#
 

2.
  ….
  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
  THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
  Duties of Manger
  1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.
  SIGNED by Roger Tan
  For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD
  In the presence of
  SIGNED by TERESA WONG
  In the presence of
  新加坡的通用合同分五部门:
  第一部门:称为parties,首要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开首框架通常是:
  THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part.
  句子开首THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大年夜写。当事人是天然人的,用“of”和厥后的住址相连;是法人或不法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和厥后注册地址相连。 分页标题#e#
  第二部门:称为recital。以WHEREAS开首,进进论述部门,用陈述正式申明当事人订立合同的启事。
  第三部门:称为habendum 详细商定当事人的权力和义务。正文部门的结束段为:
  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
  这段感化相当于中文合同的“两边签字盖印,特此为证”。
  第四部门:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部门条目的需要弥补。不是所有合同都有这一项。
  第五部门:称为attestation,证明部门。当事人如果天然人,用“SIGNED by __”
  ;联系后填写见证姓名的表达部门“In the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或不法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的较着不合是签章处除当事人外,多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字的地方。另外一不合的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是呈此刻开首段的当事人介绍部门。
  第五部门在新加坡还有另外一种表达
  As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.
 

Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named
  In the presence of
  Signature
  Address
  Occupation
  上述合同的格局很有代表性,其它英文格局与之比拟大年夜同大年夜异,有的合同中不含附录。
  B. 美国
  APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR
  AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part.
  WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:
  1. THAT the Company shall …
  2. This agreement shall commence on ….
  3.
  4.
  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned
  SIGNED BY
  Name :
  Designation :
  For and on behalf of : (signature)
  Contractor :
  Designation :
  For and on behalf of : (signature)
  本合同分为四个大年夜部门(缺附录,schedule)。与上一合同基底蕴同,但第一段没有谓语,不是个完全的句子。个别用词与前一合同有不同。最后落款处还多了了“职务”,即designation(有的合同还惯用position).

-
C. 喷鼻港
  CONTRACT
  CONTACT NO.
  SIGNING DATE/PLACE
  THE BUYER: Name
  Legal Address
  Contact
  THE SELLER: Name
  Legal Address
  Contact
  This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
  1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT


分页标题#e#
  2. PRICE
  3. PAYMENT
 

4. PACKING
  5.
  IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
  THE BUYER THE SELLER
  ___________ ___________
  By:__________ By:__________
  Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________
  THE END USER
  ___________
  By: __________
  Date: --------____-_________
  比起前两个合同,该生意合同的不合的地方于在于,合同开首呈现了合同编号和签订日期,当事人名称或姓名采取简朴列举式。证明部门用完成时被动态,最后落款处SIGNED BY项目,但增加了最终用户一项。
  D. 日本
  SERVICE AGREEMENT
  This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH:
  WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and
  WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B’s request)
  NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:
  1.
  2.
  3.
  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
  ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.
  (signature) (signature)
  MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
  该合同也由四大年夜部门构成,与上述合同最大年夜的不合在于,在论述部门上端加了一个WITNESSETH(鉴于),最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部门用的都是大年夜写。
  比拟之下,英文合同除个别处所外,全部合同的段落摆列,句式和用词大年夜同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。
 

英语合同的用词特点(Formal term)
  合同英语的用词极其讲求,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。详细表此刻以下方面: 分页标题#e#
  1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的应用
  May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再认识不外,但在合同顶用这些词时要极其谨严。权力义务的约见定部门构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引发胶葛。
  may 旨在商定当事人的权力(可以做甚么),Shall商定当事人的义务(该当何为么时分), must 用于强迫性义务(必需做甚么),may not (或shall not)用于避免性义务(不得做甚么)。May do 不克不及说成can do shall do,不克不及说成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美国一些法令文件可以用shall not,但尽不克不及用can not do或must not )
  例如,在商定解决争议的路子时的,可以说:
  The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
  本句中的shall 和may表达准确。呈现争议后该当先行协商,所以采取了义务性“商定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权力,用选择性商定may也很安妥。如果may和shall 更调位置会如何样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以经由过程协商解决,意思上说得过往,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了该当诉讼解决,好象一掉事,就要先见官,这就有些不友爱了。
  本句可译:两边起首应经由过程友爱协商,解决因合同而产生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条目商定或争议产生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人平易近法院解决。
  2、正式用语(formal term)
  合同英语有着严肃的气势,与其它英语作品有很大年夜不合。
  例如:
  “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不消“because of ”;


分页标题#e#
  “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不消“in the end of the fiscal year”;
  “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不消“before”;
  “关于”经常使用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;
  “实际上”用“in effect”,而不消“in fact”;
 

“开端”用“commencement”,而不消“start”或“begin”;
  “遏制做”用“cease to do”,而不消“stop to do”;
  “甚么时候开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 此中“召开”不消“hold 或call”,而用“convene”;“主持”不消“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;
  “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不消“other matters/events”;
  “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不消“understand a contract”;
  “觉得”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不消“think”或“believe”;
  “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不消“want to do”, “wish to do”。
  用词专业(Technical Terms)
  合同用词不以大年夜众是不是理解和接管为转移,它是合同说话准确表达的保障。如合同呈现的“瑕疵”、“布施”、“不成抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭掉”等便可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达别离为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。别的几近每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大年夜特点。
  其它例子还有:
  “补偿”用“indemnities”,而不消“compensation”
  “不动产让渡”用“conveyance”,而不消“trnasfer of real estate”
  “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财富出租”用“lease of property”
  “破产”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不消“end/stop a business”
  专利许可中的“特许权应用费”只用“royalities”
  还款或专利请求的“宽期限”英文“grace”,
  “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”
  以什物出资为“investment in kind”
  “遵循合同相干划定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
  “合同任何一方当事人不得让渡本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,此中“hereto”暗示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 分页标题#e#
  3、同义词、近义词、相干词的序列
  FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,

a copy of which is annexed hereto.
  在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里特别遍及。这是出于严谨和杜尽缝隙的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:
  This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组别离属于同义词和相干词并列。
  For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。


分页标题#e#
  The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都暗示“遵循本和谈的条目划定”。合同条目的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
  再例如:
  “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”,一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思几近不异。
  并列的词还有:
  ships and vessels
  support and maintenance
  licenses and permits
  charges, fees, costs and expenses
  any and all
  any duties, obligations or liabilities
  the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
  control and management of the partnership
  applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
  4、拉丁词
  在国外合同中,拉丁词仍旧是很常见:
  比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
  从事慈善性办事的律师:pro bono lawyer,不如何用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
  拜托代办署理人:多用agent ad litem
  不成抗力:force majuere.

- Contract 与 Agreement的有没有辨别
  在英语中,合统一般称为Contract,和谈一般称为Agreement。
  何谓“Contract”?
  1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为:A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 按照这必定义,合同划一主体之间成立的肯定平易近事权力和义务的和谈。
  Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”按照这必定义,合同是一种承诺,背反承诺可以获得法令救助,某种意义上法令将实行该承诺看作是一种抵偿。
  L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”按照这必定义,合同就是有法令束缚力的和谈。
  综合起来,有一个不异点,就是“Contract is an agreement”,便可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”,也能够说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
  何谓“Agreement”?
  L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”按照这必定义,和谈是对已做或准备做的相干事宜,颠末构和、协商后获得一致定见,以口头或书面情势做出的商定。
  Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”按照这必定义,和谈即两边或多方京某些过往或将来某些实际的相干权力、义务或相干权力、义务的实行而达成的一致理解和愿看。
  另外一个是:The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.按照这必定义,和谈即两个或多个当事人,为了约订单方责任或彼此责任,就财富权力、好处的转移获得的一致同意。

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